Groups: Classification

Spring 2020 #1 #algebra/qual/work

  • Show that any group of order 2020 is solvable.

  • Give (without proof) a classification of all abelian groups of order 2020.

  • Describe one nonabelian group of order 2020.
\todo[inline]{Work this problem.}

Spring 2019 #3 #algebra/qual/completed

How many isomorphism classes are there of groups of order 45?

Describe a representative from each class.


    
  • Sylow theorems:
  • \(n_p \cong 1 \operatorname{mod}p\)
  • \(n_p \divides m\).

    
  • It turns out that \(n_3 = 1\) and \(n_5 = 1\), so \(G \cong S_3 \times S_5\) since both subgroups are normal.

  • There is only one possibility for \(S_5\), namely \(S_5\cong {\mathbf{Z}}/(5)\).

  • There are two possibilities for \(S_3\), namely \(S_3 \cong {\mathbf{Z}}/(3^2)\) and \({\mathbf{Z}}/(3)^2\).

  • Thus

  • \(G \cong {\mathbf{Z}}/(9) \times{\mathbf{Z}}/(5)\), or

  • \(G \cong {\mathbf{Z}}/(3)^2 \times{\mathbf{Z}}/(5)\).

\todo[inline]{Revisit, seems short.}

Spring 2012 #3 #algebra/qual/work

Let \(G\) be a group of order 70.

  • Show that \(G\) is not simple.

  • Exhibit 3 nonisomorphic groups of order 70 and prove that they are not isomorphic.

Fall 2016 #3 #algebra/qual/work

How many groups are there up to isomorphism of order \(pq\) where \(p<q\) are prime integers?

Spring 2018 #1 #algebra/qual/completed

  • Use the Class Equation (equivalently, the conjugation action of a group on itself) to prove that any \(p{\hbox{-}}\)group (a group whose order is a positive power of a prime integer \(p\)) has a nontrivial center.

  • Prove that any group of order \(p^2\) (where \(p\) is prime) is abelian.

  • Prove that any group of order \(5^2 \cdot 7^2\) is abelian.

  • Write down exactly one representative in each isomorphism class of groups of order \(5^2 \cdot 7^2\).


    
  • Centralizer: \(C_G(x) = \left\{{g\in G {~\mathrel{\Big\vert}~}[gx] = 1}\right\}\).

  • Class Equation: \({\left\lvert {G} \right\rvert} = {\left\lvert {Z(G)} \right\rvert} + \sum [G: C_G(x_i)]\)

  • \(G/Z(G)\) cyclic \(\iff G\) is abelian. \begin{align*} G/Z(G) = \left\langle{xZ}\right\rangle &\iff g\in G \implies gZ = x^mZ \\ &\iff g(x^m)^{-1}\in Z \\ &\iff g = x^m z {\quad \operatorname{for some} \quad}z\in Z\\ &\implies gh = x^mz_1 x^n z_2 = x^n z_2 x^m z_1 = hg .\end{align*}

  • Every group of order \(p^2\) is abelian.

  • Classification of finite abelian groups.

Strategy: get \(p\) to divide \({\left\lvert {Z(G)} \right\rvert}\).

  • Apply the class equation: \begin{align*} {\left\lvert {G} \right\rvert} = {\left\lvert {Z(G)} \right\rvert} + \sum [G: C_G(x_i)] .\end{align*}

  • Since \(C_G(x_i) \leq G\) and \({\left\lvert {G} \right\rvert} = p^k\), by Lagrange \({\left\lvert {C_G(x_i)} \right\rvert} = p^\ell\) for some \(0\leq \ell \leq k\).

  • Since \({\left\lvert {G} \right\rvert} = p^k\) for some \(k\) and \(Z(G), C_G(x_i) \leq G\) are subgroups, their orders are powers of \(p\).

  • Use \begin{align*}[G: C_G(x_i)] = 1 \iff C_G(x_i) = G \iff \left\{{g\in G{~\mathrel{\Big\vert}~}gx_ig^{-1}= x_i}\right\} = G \iff x_i \in Z(G).\end{align*}

    • Thus every index appearing in the sum is greater than 1, and thus equal to \(p^{\ell_i}\) for some \(1\leq \ell_i \leq k\)
    • So \(p\) divides every term in the sum
  • Rearrange \begin{align*} {\left\lvert {G} \right\rvert} - \sum [G: C_G(x_i)] = {\left\lvert {Z(G)} \right\rvert} .\end{align*}

  • \(p\) divides both terms on the LHS, so must divide the RHS, so \({\left\lvert {Z(G)} \right\rvert} \geq p\).

Strategy: examine \({\left\lvert {G/Z(G)} \right\rvert}\) by cases.

  • \(1\): Then \(G = Z(G)\) and \(G\) is abelian.
  • \(p\): Then \(G/Z(G)\) is cyclic so \(G\) is abelian
  • \(p^2\): Not possible, since \({\left\lvert {Z(G)} \right\rvert} > 1\) by (a).

    
  • By Sylow

    • \(n_5 \divides 7^2,\quad n_5\cong 1\operatorname{mod}5 \implies n_5\in\left\{{1, 7, 49}\right\}\setminus\left\{{7, 49}\right\} = \left\{{1}\right\} \implies n_5 = 1\)
    • \(n_7 \divides 5^2, \quad n_7 \cong 1 \operatorname{mod}7 \implies n_7 \in \left\{{1, 5, 25}\right\}\setminus\left\{{5, 25}\right\} =\left\{{1}\right\} \implies n_7 = 1\)
  • By recognition of direct products, \(G = S_5 \times S_7\)

    • By above, \(S_5, S_7{~\trianglelefteq~}G\)
    • Check \(S_5\cap S_7 = \left\{{e}\right\}\) since they have coprime order.
    • Check \(S_5S_7 = G\) since \({\left\lvert {S_5 S_7} \right\rvert} = 5^2 7^2 = {\left\lvert {G} \right\rvert}\)
  • By (b), \(S_5, S_7\) are abelian since they are groups of order \(p^2\)

  • The direct product of abelian groups is abelian.


    
  • \({\mathbf{Z}}_{5^2} \times{\mathbf{Z}}_{7^2}\)
  • \({\mathbf{Z}}_{5}^2 \times{\mathbf{Z}}_{7^2}\)
  • \({\mathbf{Z}}_{5^2} \times{\mathbf{Z}}_{7}^2\)
  • \({\mathbf{Z}}_{5}^2 \times{\mathbf{Z}}_{7}^2\)
#1 #algebra/qual/work #3 #algebra/qual/completed